• In Kotlin, there are several ways to handle nullability and avoid null pointer exceptions. Let's look at some of them:

Safe Call Operator (?.):

• If the object is null, the expression will return null instead of throwing a null pointer exception.

val str: String? = null
val length: Int? = str?.length // prints null

Safe Call with let (?.let):

• Executes the block only if the value is not null

val str: String? = "hello"
str?.let {
    println(it.length)
}

Elvis Operator (?:):

• It is used to provide a default value if an expression is null. similar to using if else.

val length = name?.length ?: -1

//is similar to

val length = if(name != null) name.length
							else -1

Not-Null Assertion Operator (!!):

• If the expression is null, a null pointer exception will be thrown at runtime.
• Use the not-null assertion operator !! when you are sure that an expression is not null, and you want to force the compiler to treat it as such.

val str: String? = null
val length: Int = str!!.length // Exception is thrown